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ضمير وجدان - traduction vers Anglais
ضمير وجدان
conscience, heart, mind
conscience
n. ضمير, ضمير وجدان, طوية, وفقا للضمير, حي الضمير
Conscience
![[[Global warming]] protestors in Chicago 2008](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2009-11-30 - Chicago Climate Justice activists in Chicago - Cap'n'Trade protest 003.jpg?width=200 "[[Global warming]] protestors in Chicago 2008")
![[[Gao Zhisheng]] human rights lawyer abducted in China](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/6-Kao.jpg?width=200 "[[Gao Zhisheng]] human rights lawyer abducted in China")
![[[Adam Smith]]: conscience shows what relates to ourselves in its proper shape and dimensions](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AdamSmith1790b.jpg?width=200 "[[Adam Smith]]: conscience shows what relates to ourselves in its proper shape and dimensions")
![[[Albert Einstein]] associated conscience with suprapersonal thoughts, feelings and aspirations.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albert Einstein Head Cleaned N Cropped.jpg?width=200 "[[Albert Einstein]] associated conscience with suprapersonal thoughts, feelings and aspirations.")
![Schopenhauer]] considered that the good conscience we experience after an unselfish act verifies that our true self exists outside our physical person](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Arthur Schopenhauer Portrait by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl 1815.jpeg?width=200 "Schopenhauer]] considered that the good conscience we experience after an unselfish act verifies that our true self exists outside our physical person")
![The medieval Persian philosopher [[Ibn Sina]] ([[Avicenna]]) developed a sensory deprivation thought experiment to explore the relationship between conscience and God](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Avicenna.jpg?width=200 "The medieval Persian philosopher [[Ibn Sina]] ([[Avicenna]]) developed a sensory deprivation thought experiment to explore the relationship between conscience and God")
![[[Henry David Thoreau]]: Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator?](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Benjamin D. Maxham - Henry David Thoreau - Restored - greyscale - straightened.jpg?width=200 "[[Henry David Thoreau]]: Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator?")
![[[Marcus Aurelius]] bronze fragment, Louvre, Paris: "To move from one unselfish action to another with God in mind. Only there, delight and stillness."](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bronze Marcus Aurelius Louvre.jpg?width=200 "[[Marcus Aurelius]] bronze fragment, Louvre, Paris: \"To move from one unselfish action to another with God in mind. Only there, delight and stillness.\"")
![[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (1932)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0211-316, Dietrich Bonhoeffer mit Schülern.jpg?width=200 "[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (1932)")
![J.S. Bach]]. Original page from Credo (Symbolum Nicenum) section of [[Mass in B minor]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bwv232-credo.jpg?width=200 "J.S. Bach]]. Original page from Credo (Symbolum Nicenum) section of [[Mass in B minor]]")
![[[Charles Darwin]] thought that any animal endowed with well-marked social instincts would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as its intellectual powers approximated man's.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron 2.jpg?width=200 "[[Charles Darwin]] thought that any animal endowed with well-marked social instincts would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as its intellectual powers approximated man's.")
![[[Anton Pavlovich Chekhov]]. Tretyakov Gallery.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chekhov 1898 by Osip Braz.jpg?width=200 "[[Anton Pavlovich Chekhov]]. Tretyakov Gallery.")
![Illustration of [[François Chifflart]] (1825–1901) for ''La Conscience'' (by [[Victor Hugo]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chifflart - Das Gewissen - 1877.jpeg?width=200 "Illustration of [[François Chifflart]] (1825–1901) for ''La Conscience'' (by [[Victor Hugo]])")
![[[Darfur]] [[refugee camp]] in [[Chad]]: a challenge to the world's conscience.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg?width=200 "[[Darfur]] [[refugee camp]] in [[Chad]]: a challenge to the world's conscience.")
![Protests in India against the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Delhi protests-India Raped, says one young woman's sign.jpg?width=200 "Protests in India against the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case]]")
![[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], author of ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dostoevsky 1872.jpg?width=200 "[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], author of ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''")
![[[Eugène Delacroix]], ''[[Hamlet]] and Horatio in the Graveyard'' (1839, oil on canvas)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eugène Delacroix - Hamlet and Horatio in the Graveyard - WGA6199.jpg?width=200 "[[Eugène Delacroix]], ''[[Hamlet]] and Horatio in the Graveyard'' (1839, oil on canvas)")
![Gandhi in Noakhali, 1946: civil resistance or [[satyagraha]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gandhi in Noakhali 1946.jpg?width=200 "Gandhi in Noakhali, 1946: civil resistance or [[satyagraha]]")
![Siddhartha]]''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hermann Hesse 1927 Photo Gret Widmann.jpg?width=200 "Siddhartha]]''.")
![[[Immanuel Kant]]: the moral law within us has true infinity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Immanuel Kant (painted portrait).jpg?width=200 "[[Immanuel Kant]]: the moral law within us has true infinity.")
![Internet Map. [[Ninian Smart]] predicts global communication will facilitate ''world conscience''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Internet map 1024.jpg?width=200 "Internet Map. [[Ninian Smart]] predicts global communication will facilitate ''world conscience''.")
![Jan van Ruysbroeck]] viewed a pure conscience as facilitating "an outflowing losing of oneself in the abyss of that eternal object which is the highest and chief blessedness"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jan Van Ruysbroeck.jpg?width=200 "Jan van Ruysbroeck]] viewed a pure conscience as facilitating \"an outflowing losing of oneself in the abyss of that eternal object which is the highest and chief blessedness\"")
![[[Jeremy Bentham]]: "[[Fanaticism]] never sleeps ... it is never stopped by ''conscience''; for it has pressed ''conscience'' into its service."](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill.jpg?width=200 "[[Jeremy Bentham]]: \"[[Fanaticism]] never sleeps ... it is never stopped by ''conscience''; for it has pressed ''conscience'' into its service.\"")
![[[John Locke]] viewed the widespread social fact of conscience as a justification for natural rights.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JohnLocke.png?width=200 "[[John Locke]] viewed the widespread social fact of conscience as a justification for natural rights.")
![[[John Ralston Saul]]: consumers risk turning over their conscience to technical experts and to the ideology of free markets](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Ralston Saul.jpg?width=200 "[[John Ralston Saul]]: consumers risk turning over their conscience to technical experts and to the ideology of free markets")
![[[Lester Ott]], [[conscientious objector]] during the [[First World War]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lester Ott.jpg?width=200 "[[Lester Ott]], [[conscientious objector]] during the [[First World War]]")
![[[Nikiforos Lytras]], ''Antigone in front of the dead Polynices'' (1865), oil on canvas, National Gallery of Greece-Alexandros Soutzos Museum.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lytras nikiforos antigone polynices.jpeg?width=200 "[[Nikiforos Lytras]], ''Antigone in front of the dead Polynices'' (1865), oil on canvas, National Gallery of Greece-Alexandros Soutzos Museum.")
![[[Nonviolent]] protestors in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 2010 opposed to the [[Iraq War]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Minnesota anti-war protesters in Washington DC.jpg?width=200 "[[Nonviolent]] protestors in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 2010 opposed to the [[Iraq War]]")
![Gravesite of [[Anna Politkovskaya]] in Russia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mogila Anna Politkovskaya.jpg?width=200 "Gravesite of [[Anna Politkovskaya]] in Russia")
![A.H.]] 509 = 1115–1116. Ghazali's crisis of epistemological skepticism was resolved by "a light which God Most High cast into my breast ... the key to most knowledge."](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Munqidh min al-dalal (last page).jpg?width=200 "A.H.]] 509 = 1115–1116. Ghazali's crisis of epistemological skepticism was resolved by \"a light which God Most High cast into my breast ... the key to most knowledge.\"")
![NASA climate scientist [[James Hansen]] arrested in 2011 for civil disobedience against laws allowing a tar sands oil pipeline](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NASA Scientist James Hansen Arrested.jpg?width=200 "NASA climate scientist [[James Hansen]] arrested in 2011 for civil disobedience against laws allowing a tar sands oil pipeline")
![[[Graffiti]] portrait in [[Ramallah]] of murdered Arab cartoon artist [[Naji al-Ali]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Naji al Ali Graffiti, Ramallah, 2012..jpg?width=200 "[[Graffiti]] portrait in [[Ramallah]] of murdered Arab cartoon artist [[Naji al-Ali]]")
![Gravesite of [[Neda Agha-Soltan]] in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Iran](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neda Agha-Soltan gravesite in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Iran.jpg?width=200 "Gravesite of [[Neda Agha-Soltan]] in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Iran")
![Underwater American [[nuclear test]] in the Pacific. Worldwide expressions of 'conscience' against such explosions caused the French Government to cease atmospheric tests at [[Mururoa]] for political reasons.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Operation Crossroads Baker Edit.jpg?width=200 "Underwater American [[nuclear test]] in the Pacific. Worldwide expressions of 'conscience' against such explosions caused the French Government to cease atmospheric tests at [[Mururoa]] for political reasons.")
![[[Peter Singer]]: distinguished between immature "traditional" and highly reasoned "critical" conscience](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peter Singer - Effective Altruism -Melb Australia Aug 2015.jpg?width=200 "[[Peter Singer]]: distinguished between immature \"traditional\" and highly reasoned \"critical\" conscience")
![[[Samuel Johnson]] (1775) stated that "No man's conscience can tell him the right of another man."](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Samuel Johnson by John Opie.jpg?width=200 "[[Samuel Johnson]] (1775) stated that \"No man's conscience can tell him the right of another man.\"")
![Seated [[Buddha]], [[Gandhara]], 2nd century CE. The Buddha linked conscience with compassion for those who must endure cravings and suffering in the world until right conduct culminates in right mindfulness and right contemplation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg?width=200 "Seated [[Buddha]], [[Gandhara]], 2nd century CE. The Buddha linked conscience with compassion for those who must endure cravings and suffering in the world until right conduct culminates in right mindfulness and right contemplation.")
![[[Sombrero Galaxy]]: A [[United Nations]] treaty declares [[Outer Space]] the [[common heritage of humanity]]. [[Garrett Hardin]] doubted the capacity of ''conscience'' to protect such commons areas](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope).jpg?width=200 "[[Sombrero Galaxy]]: A [[United Nations]] treaty declares [[Outer Space]] the [[common heritage of humanity]]. [[Garrett Hardin]] doubted the capacity of ''conscience'' to protect such commons areas")
![Benedict de Spinoza]]: moral problems and our emotional responses to them should be reasoned from the perspective of eternity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spinoza.jpg?width=200 "Benedict de Spinoza]]: moral problems and our emotional responses to them should be reasoned from the perspective of eternity.")
![[[Chiune Sugihara]] practised ''conscientious noncompliance'' in issuing visas to fleeing Jews in Lithuania in 1939](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sugihara b.jpg?width=200 "[[Chiune Sugihara]] practised ''conscientious noncompliance'' in issuing visas to fleeing Jews in Lithuania in 1939")
![On the Threshold of Eternity]]''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Van Gogh - Trauernder alter Mann.jpeg?width=200 "On the Threshold of Eternity]]''.")
![War criminal [[Adolf Eichmann]] in passport used to enter Argentina: his conscience spoke with the "respectable voice" of the indoctrinated wartime German society that surrounded him.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WP Eichmann Passport.jpg?width=200 "War criminal [[Adolf Eichmann]] in passport used to enter Argentina: his conscience spoke with the \"respectable voice\" of the indoctrinated wartime German society that surrounded him.")
![Holman Hunt]], 1853](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/William Holman Hunt - The Awakening Conscience - Google Art Project.jpg?width=200 "Holman Hunt]], 1853")
JUDGMENT THAT ASSISTS IN DISTINGUISHING RIGHT FROM WRONG
Scruple; Scrupulous; Scruples; Over-scrupulous; Pang of conscience
ضمير، وجدان ، ذمة
